Showing posts with label Myths. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Myths. Show all posts

Five Marriage Myths You Shouldn't Believe


Five Marriage Myths You Shouldn't Believe - Many so-called "inevitable" marriage pitfalls are really just unexamined old wives' tales. On closer inspection, two facts become clear: There's only a trace of truth in each fable - but there's also the potential to retool them to make your relationship even closer. Here are five of the most enduring myths, plus new rules to replace them.

Myth 1: Never go to bed angry. If you don't hash through every conflict right away, it'll lead to resentment and ultimately blowups.

As marriage folklore goes, the idea that it's imperative to settle every disagreement before day's end is pretty well entrenched. (After all, that's the way some people read that "Do not let the sun go down on your wrath" line from the Bible, as well as how others interpret the pop-psychology dictum "voicing grievances clears the air.") And many of us have accepted the premise that if we don't address disputes at once, all that unresolved conflict just festers inside us and we'll wake up angrier each day, until someone finally explodes over an uncapped tube of toothpaste.


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Ideally, of course, we would all be able to truly forgive every slight and make up before bedtime. But guess what? No one is that perfect. And, in reality, most spouses don't solve problems well when they're mad. In fact, "the idea that it's helpful for couples to air their grievances in the heat of the moment is probably one of the most dangerous marriage myths out there," says John Gottman, Ph.D., professor emeritus of psychology at the University of Washington and author of The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work. "Often, nothing gets resolved - the partners just get more and more furious." When people are overwhelmed by emotions like anger, they experience what psychologists call "flooding," a physiological response that leaves their hearts pounding and their concentration shot, to say nothing of their ability to resolve arguments fairly or amicably.

New rule: Sleep on it. Conflicts are best dealt with when you have calmed down and are well rested.


Rather than stay up to debate the disagreement du jour, Gottman suggests that couples set aside a moment every night to focus on what's good about their marriage. Then, "no matter what - if you're angry, if he's angry, or if you're both exhausted - kiss good night for six seconds," he advises. "Sure, sometimes you'll be so mad or tired that the kiss will last for six nanoseconds. But it will remind you of your enduring affection, and besides - long kisses often lead to something even better than conversation."

That's not to say that conflicts don't have to be dealt with. To make sure disputes don't get swept under the bedsheets, Gottman recommends having a standing, short "State of Our Union" meeting each week (just not at bedtime). "Take turns telling each other something about your marriage or your partner that you appreciated that week, and then afterward each of you gets to bring up one issue."

Myth 2: One day the two of you will just realize you've grown apart and fallen out of love.

The fable is that some couples just drift apart as their personalities change or their interests diverge. But experts say if you look closely at most happy twosomes, you'll be amazed at how little they actually have in common. She could spend every spare hour crafting, and he might be the world's most ardent sports fan. Yet they've discovered ways to be themselves and together at the same time: That means sometimes she knits on the sofa to keep him company while he watches the Reds battle the Mets. In fact, experts say, shared interests or even similar temperaments are no assurance of marital longevity. "If these factors were truly important," Gottman says, "couples who meet through matchmaking services, which frequently try to pair singles according to hundreds of points of compatibility, would have a better chance of staying married than those who meet randomly. They don't."

New rule: A marriage doesn't run on feelings - it thrives because both spouses work hard on it.

"We need to give long-term partners credit for their marriages," says Diane Sollee, M.S.W., director of smartmarriages.com. "These couples have probably worked their way through hundreds of disagreements, illnesses, financial problems, kids' issues, maybe even an affair. They survive because they understand that they are a team, and they work to find ways to come together, whether in a crisis or in good times."

The truth is, we all change constantly, and that's a blessing. "If you sprayed fixative on people during their wedding ceremony," says Sollee, "life would just be too boring." But make sure you and your husband are checking in regularly with each other, and that all the little marital compromises and negotiations are making you both feel happy and involved in each other's evolving lives. That way, you can grow together, rather than apart, and, if anything, feel more in love than ever.

Myth 3: As you both get older, sex will simply stop mattering to you and your husband.

TV sitcoms notwithstanding, the idea that midlife couples settle into sexual hibernation just isn't true. In fact, many report that intimacy improves as the years go by. After all, once they get through their early-relationship trials and errors, Sollee says, "they find a sexual style that makes them both happy." And for many wives, sex certainly doesn't deteriorate in midlife. On the contrary: In a recent British study, 64 percent of women surveyed attested that after they reached menopause, their sex lives either stayed on course or got even better.

What makes intimacy more satisfying is the comfort married couples develop with talking about what doesn't work for them and - perhaps more important - what does. In fact, psychologists at Dalhousie University in Canada recently found that partners' communication about what they wanted sexually was linked to their being happy with the sex itself.

New rule: There's no reason you won't grow more sexually connected.

Since talking about sex is key to sexual satisfaction itself, make it a priority this weekend - regardless of whether you think your sex life is already OK or not. Naturally, even if you both communicate perfectly well about everything else under the sun, it may feel awkward or even embarrassing to suddenly start giving your husband explicit sexual pointers. So ease into the subject. If it occurs to you that you've done it exactly the same way 33 times in a row, you could say, "I can't remember the last time we made love with the lights on, can you?" Sexual reminiscing may not lead to a romantic interlude, but it will get you talking. And the safer each of you feels in expressing what you like and don't like, the easier it is to make adjustments that can ramp up the sexual satisfaction on both sides of the bed.

Myth 4: When the kids leave home, there will be nothing left to keep your marriage together.

Most parents have pangs of sadness when the kids are finally gone, moments when the house seems impossibly quiet or they catch themselves having a lengthy chat with the cat. And some couples really do struggle - but many renew their commitment to each other. "With the kids out of the house, marriages can bloom - when there is a sense of shared purpose," Gottman says. That communion can sometimes get pushed aside in the daily round of raising a family and making a living. "Some couples may have let that feeling of togetherness die," he explains. "Then it's not the kids' leaving the nest that somehow makes their marriages seem empty. They've already been empty a long time, and when the children leave home, the couple finally notices."

But for many husbands and wives, "marital satisfaction actually goes up once the kids are gone," says James Bray, Ph.D., a psychologist at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. After an adjustment period of six to 12 months, spouses often realize that they have more leisure time, more money, and more freedom to reengage with each other. And without children in the house, there's often less cause for conflicts.

New rule: Your marriage can flourish in that new freedom.

When your kids move out, keep your life full and your relationship central. Compile lists of what you and your husband can do now that you couldn't before, suggests Bray, whether it's traveling to Tahiti or having sex on the sofa. "Celebrate! You've succeeded in raising independent adults," he says, "and now you have the opportunity to decide what to do next. Will you get more involved in town politics? Learn to tango? Go out to dinner more often?" Whatever it is, make sure it's something you both enjoy as you rediscover each other.

Myth 5: Every guy has a midlife crisis - any day, your spouse will drive off in a new red sports car.

It's true that men sometimes do crazy things when they reach a certain age. You may feel like snickering at some of their attempts to regain their lost youth, like the balding executive who gets a spanking-new Harley - or a much younger girlfriend. Such drastic changes are fortunately far from commonplace outside the soaps, but psychologists say that most of us will go through a period of midlife reevaluation.

New rule: It's not a crisis - and it's not just for men.

Actually, this period of reexamination is a healthy part of development. As people move into their 40s, 50s, and beyond, their perspectives shift. Careers may plateau or take off in unexpected new directions. The first serious health problem may come along, or a parent may die and spur you to rethink your priorities. All of these are natural, inevitable transitions, and the best approach to dealing with them is to learn what you can and follow where they lead you. Fortunately, most people do: A recent poll by volunteermatch.org found that more than half of those over 55 are looking forward to starting new chapters in their lives.

More and more the phrase "midlife crisis" is being swapped for "reinvention"; all across America, you can hear men and women talking about their second acts. But rarely do they mean a full-scale life overhaul. More often they're contemplating ways to make more time for what they already love. Men who have done a little woodworking take on a deck redesign; women who have always wanted more time to get in shape sign up for their first triathlon.
Not only are these course corrections good for us as individuals, they also seem to invigorate our relationships. People in their 40s and 50s feel they have more control over their work, their finances, and their marriages, reports a multi-university study. Some crisis, huh? Instead of worrying about his issues, focus on whether you're ripe for reinvention yourself. Rediscover your priorities, and above all, don't feel you're being selfish by pursuing your passion: What's good for you is good for your marriage, too. ( yahoo.com )

READ MORE - Five Marriage Myths You Shouldn't Believe

Boys better than girls at maths is a myth


Boys better than girls at maths is a myth - The long-standing notion that girls have less mathematical skills than boys due to a difference in biology is actually a myth, a new study has suggested.

Instead, the Wisconsin researchers linked differences in math performance to social and cultural factors.

"We tested some recently proposed hypotheses that try to explain a supposed gender gap in math performance and found they were not supported by the data," said Janet Mertz, senior author of the study and a professor of oncology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

The new study, by Mertz and Jonathan Kane, a professor of mathematical and computer sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater looked at data from 86 countries, which the authors used to test the 'greater male variability hypothesis' famously expounded in 2005 by Lawrence Summers, then president of Harvard, as the primary reason for the scarcity of outstanding women mathematicians.


Boys better than girls at maths is a myth
Boys better than girls at maths is a myth (Thinkstock photos/Getty Images)


That hypothesis holds that males diverge more from the mean at both ends of the spectrum and, hence, are more represented in the highest-performing sector.

To measure the status of females relative to males within each country, the authors relied on a gender-gap index, which compares the genders in terms of income, education, health and political participation.

Relating these indices to math scores, they concluded that math achievement at the low, average and high end for both boys and girls tends to be higher in countries where gender equity is better.

In addition, in wealthier countries, women''s participation and salary in the paid labour force was the main factor linked to higher math scores for both genders.

"We found that boys - as well as girls - tend to do better in math when raised in countries where females have better equality, and that''s new and important," said Kane.

"It makes sense that when women are well-educated and earn a good income, the math scores of their children of both genders benefit."

Mertz pointed to sociocultural factors as the reason behind difference in mathematical performance.

"This is not a matter of biology: None of our findings suggest that an innate biological difference between the sexes is the primary reason for a gender gap in math performance at any level."

"Rather, these major international studies strongly suggest that the math-gender gap, where it occurs, is due to sociocultural factors that differ among countries, and that these factors can be changed," Mertz added. ( indiatimes.com )

READ MORE - Boys better than girls at maths is a myth

Facebook rumors: Fact vs. fiction


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Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg delivers a keynote address during the Facebook f8 conference last week in San Francisco


Facebook rumors: Fact vs. fiction -- The recent deluge of Facebook changes -- both those that have already happened and those that are on the way -- have people talking.


OK ... that's an understatement. They have people shouting (with either glee or fury). And fuming. And, sometimes, freaking out.

When a site has roughly 800 million users, and each of those users has a quick and easy way to share their thoughts with others, interest is high and info starts flying fast in the face of what looks like a pretty radical overhaul.

Inevitably, that leads to things getting a bit confused sometimes. So, here's a look at some of the rumors that we've seen flying around about Facebook's big changes, along with our best effort to sort them out.

1. Facebook is going to start charging you

Do we actually have to address this one? Apparently, yes.

Every once in a while, this rumor starts cropping up in status updates -- often in all caps. Some people can't seem to get their brains around the fact that a useful service like Facebook is going to remain free. So people begin copying and pasting messages announcing the date the site is going to a pay model.

A quick glimpse and you'll find multiple "We Won't Pay For Facebook" groups. On Facebook.

So, of course, when all the new changes rolled out, the planets were aligned perfectly for the rumor to spring back up. This time, it apparently got so prevalent that Facebook addressed it.

"A rumor on the Internet caught our attention. We have no plans to charge for Facebook. It's free and always will be," the site posted on its own Facebook page.

Here's the deal: Facebook will never really have a reason to start charging you for using it. To oversimplify the situation, you aren't Facebook's customer. You're its product. The site's business model is based on advertising and it wants as many users as possible to dangle in front of the click-hungry advertisers.

Charging for Facebook would inevitably decrease the number of users. And that would decrease advertising revenue. It's not going to happen.

Verdict: False. Very false.

2. Friends will see the websites I visit, even when I'm not on Facebook

This one is partially true, with one big "if."

With what Zuckerberg called "frictionless sharing," Facebook users can have the stories they're reading on certain other websites pushed straight to their News Feed for friends to share. But this will only happen on sites with the Facebook "like" button -- and only when the user has given the site permission to share the info.

That addresses one big privacy complaint Facebook has been hit with in the past, when new features started automatically, requiring users to opt out instead of opting in.

But there's always the possibility for confusion. Some people might not realize that they're authorizing the feature or may simply forget they've enabled it. In that case, best not to make a habit of reading a bunch of articles about how to find a new job if you're FB friends with your boss.

Verdict: Partially True (If you enable it)

3. The Timeline is going to show all my photos and info (whether I want it to or not)

One of the biggest changes Facebook is making is switching users' profile pages into what's being called a Timeline. It will, in effect, make your profile look more like a blog, with a chronological stream of photos and posts from the entire time you've been on Facebook and even before.

People viewing your profile will be able to scroll through, year by year, and see what you were up to far more easily than they can now.

Reports of that have led some users to freak out, or even say they planned to delete all their photos before the feature rolls out.

Here's the deal: The Timeline will definitely make it easier for your friends to see your photos and posts, particularly older ones. A single click could take them from your recent and respectable photos from office parties and play dates to those infamous college keggers from days of yore (you know ... if you're young enough to have been on Facebook in college).

But you'll be able to curate your own timeline. You can remove photos or posts you don't want on it and resize images to emphasize (or de-emphasize) chapters of your life. At the end of the day, there will be nothing there that's not already available to prying eyes -- but the eyes just won't have to pry as hard.

Verdict: Mostly False

4. Facebook monitors my activity when I'm not logged in

This one isn't directly linked to the changes, but has cropped up as they're about to roll out. And, in truth, as more off-site sharing is introduced, it could become more prevalent.

Earlier this week, an Australian blogger posted data that he said shows information being sent to Facebook by users even when they're not logged into the site.

Facebook acknowledges that it uses "cookies" when you visit the site that then transmit data from other sites that are connected to it.

Facebook engineering director Arturo Bejar told the Wall Street Journal that the system is used to prevent phishing attacks and spam and to make it easier for users to log in on the sites they've connected to the social network. Facebook deletes the data immediately, he said, and it's never used to target advertising or the like.

"The onus is on us is to take all the data and scrub it," Bejar told the Journal. "What really matters is what we say as a company and back it up."

Verdict: True (But in a limited way)

5. I can't use Spotify unless it's linked to Facebook

This one depends: Are you already on Spotify? If so, you're in the clear. If not, or if you already signed up through your Facebook account, the two services are pretty much married, 'til digital death do they part.

To Spotify, the emerging music-streaming service, and Facebook, it's a seamless and convenient way to listen to music and share songs with your friends. To people who might want to listen privately, or those elusive few who don't have Facebook accounts, it's a hassle.

Users will still be able to use their Spotify settings to control what information gets sent to Facebook, though. So don't worry -- if you're secretly listening to lots of Bieber and Gaga on Spotify, you can still do it on the down-low. ( cnn.com )

Verdict: True (If you didn't already sign up)

READ MORE - Facebook rumors: Fact vs. fiction

Why Mom Wakes Before Dad


Why Mom Wakes Before Dad - Differences between males and females abound, of course -- but some are found in the oddest places. New research has found that women tend to have shorter, earlier sleep cycles then men. This makes women typically go to bed earlier and get up earlier in the morning. It could also cause women's higher rates of insomnia and seasonal depression.

"This has implications for how easily they can fall asleep and how well they can stay asleep," said study researcher Jeanne Duffy of Harvard Medical School. "It could alter and contribute to differences between individuals as to when it's easy to go to bed or wake up."

The researchers found that, on average, women's 24-hour sleep-wake cycle (called the circadian rhythm) is about six minutes shorter than men, but in the reality of sleeping and waking, this equates waking up about 30 minutes earlier.


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


Extreme sleeping

The research team, led by Duffy and advisor Charles Czeisler, studied the sleep cycles of 52 women and 105 men for two to six weeks in the lab. They studied two indicators of circadian rhythm, the patient's core body temperature and levels of the hormone melatonin -- thought to play a role in setting sleep-wake cycles -- while the patients followed extreme schedules (following a sleep-activity cycle spread across a 20 or 28 hour day, instead of the normal 24) in a dimly lit room.

This environment allows the researchers to measure the natural circadian rhythms of the individuals, which are normally reset daily by exposure to natural light. Without outside cues, the body reverts to its natural cycle, which is sometimes longer or shorter than 24 hours. In this study, about 35 percent of women had circadian rhythms shorter than 24 hours, compared to 14 percent of men.

This difference is important for people with seasonal depression, who are treated with light therapy to reset their circadian rhythm. If they have a cycle shorter than 24 hours, they need evening light to sync up, and if it's longer than 24 hours, they need light in the mornings.

Why women?

The finding could have to do with differences in estrogen levels, the researchers say. This could mean that hormone levels could change circadian rhythm, though this evidence on pre- and post-menopausal women suggests the sleep cycles are related to hormone exposure during development, not adult levels.

Figuring out what controls our biological clocks "is one of the most important questions in human chronology research right now," Alfred Lewy, of the Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, told LiveScience. "It's brilliantly done and has important clinical implications," said Lewy, who wasn’t involved in the current study ( LiveScience.com )


READ MORE - Why Mom Wakes Before Dad

Myths About Psychiatry


Myths About Psychiatry - Let's explore the myth that psychiatric conditions aren't as well defined as other medical diseases and psychiatric treatments aren't supported by as much scientific evidence, and don't work as well, as other medical treatments. Even my fellow psychiatrists believe this. I'll take broken limbs and that sort of thing out of the equation and go on from there.

Are psychiatric conditions nothing more than labels for normal behaviors? Is a person with social anxiety disorder just a shy person? Is depression just an experience we all have to live with during hard times? What makes a super-punctilious person a case of obsessive-compulsive disorder? It's true that some psychiatric conditions exist on a continuum with normal reactions, normal states of being. Differentiating them from normal is no different than deciding what level of blood pressure is 'hypertension,' how many pounds add up to 'obesity,' or how many hours of labor it should take before a baby is born. A condition rises to the level of disease when it handicaps a person, is associated with bad outcomes, and/or can be treated -- in psychiatry just as in the rest of medicine.


http://i.huffpost.com/gen/112744/thumbs/s-BRAIN-large300.jpg


Do psychiatrists just sit around and vote psychiatric diagnoses in or out of the diagnostic manual? This notion assumes that medical diagnoses are handed down on tablets like the Ten Commandments. On the contrary; specialists have to look at the evidence and then make judgments about the criteria for medical diagnoses. The difference between a benign tumor and a cancer is a matter of how many sick cells appear under the microscope. Of course oncologists have to make that decision, and they presumably they have some sort of vote to make it official.

Do we know more about what causes other diseases than we do about the causes of psychiatric illnesses? Let's take juvenile diabetes. We all know that diabetes is caused by the failure of the pancreas to secrete normal amounts of insulin. But what causes that? We say it's an autoimmune condition -- the body attacks its own insulin-secreting cells. Why does that happen? We don't know. We do know a lot about the causes of psychiatric conditions. Several of them have a strong hereditary component -- they run in families. Certain kinds of childhood experiences and later traumas have an effect. Sometimes people with certain genes can become ill only under certain circumstances.

Are psychiatric illnesses not real because there are no diagnostic tests for psychiatry? The substrate, the physical location, of thought, mood, and behavior, is the brain. That's not a part of the body we like to biopsy without an extremely good reason. The consistency of the brain is something like Jell-O -- not easy to use an x-ray to see where it's broken. Using brain scans, however, we now can distinguish between the brain of a person with depression and a person who is not depressed -- and make many, many other such observations. Those observations correlate with what we learn by interviewing a patient and observing his or her behaviors.

Do psychiatrists want to label everybody as sick so as to fill our practices? There is a shortage of psychiatrists. I don't know any psychiatrists with time on their hands. Our incomes are at the lower end of the medical totem pole, along with family medicine and pediatrics, which makes it difficult to repay the over $100,000 in student loans we have, on average, but we make a good living.

Is there a scientific basis for psychiatric treatment? The New England Journal of Medicine some years ago published a paper demonstrating that far fewer than half the treatments used for cardiovascular diseases are supported by good scientific evidence. Psychiatric treatments work about as well as other medical treatments (1).

How can talking to someone cure a real disease? Well, it can. It can also help cancer patients to live longer; it can lessen the pain of diseases and procedures. We see the same changes on brain images whether a person's depression is relieved by psychotherapy or medication.

Do psychiatric medications turn people into 'zombies,' or change their personalities? Any medication can cause ill effects in some people, especially if they take too large a dose. Are psychiatric medications 'brain-altering'? A person who recovers from depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder can seem to have a changed personality -- a healthy one. People treated for schizophrenia can use their brains to make contributions to society and have fulfilling lives because their brains are no longer cluttered with hallucinations and delusions.

Prejudice against psychiatry, psychiatric patients, and psychiatrists goes back millennia. It's hard enough to have a painful and possibly disabling disorder, or to treat one, without suffering from stigma as well. The brain is not only the most complicated organ of the body -- it's one of the most complicated entities in the universe. So psychiatric problems don't have simple answers. Just like our colleagues in other branches of medicine, no more and no less, there is much more that we don't know than that we do know. Like our medical colleagues, we'll keep relieving the suffering of people who are ill, and we'll keep doing research to understand and treat them ever better. ( huffingtonpost.com )


READ MORE - Myths About Psychiatry